READINESS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURIAL PRACTICES: AN ANALYSIS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION AMONG UNISEL STUDENTS
Keywords:
readiness, enterpreneurial intention, attitude, subjective norms, perceived control behaviour, proactive personality, entrepreneurial education
Abstract
The aims of this research are twofold: (a) to identify the level of intention to entrepreneurial practices based on different gender, age and faculty; and (b) to examine the influence of students’ readiness on entrepreneurial intention to practice among students at Universiti Selangor. 301 undergraduate students from four faculties at the Universiti Selangor are used as respondents for this study. The study finds that undergraduate students in the Universiti Selangor have moderate readiness toward entrepreneurial intention to practice in the future. This study signifies that personal attitude, perceived behavioral control, proactive personality and participation in entrepreneurial education positively enhance intention in entrepreneurial practice among students in the Universiti Selangor. Contrary, social norms do not a significant factor in entrepreneurial intention to practice. Perhaps, the students still not facing social pressure and nowadays they would prefer to be independent when making decisions about their future undertaking. This result is consistent with the Theory of Planned Behavior relating to the transformation of entrepreneurial intentions towards actions.
References
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Brancu, L., Guðmundsdóttir, S., Gligor, D., & Munteanu, V. (2015). Is Culture a Moderator of Entrepreneurship Motivation? A Comparative Study of Romania and Iceland. The Amfiteatru Economic Journal, 38(17), 341-358.
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Gerba. D. T. (2012). Impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions of business and engineering students in Ethiopia.African. Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 3(2), 258-277.
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Gielnik, M. M., Barabas, S., Frese, M., Namatovu-Dawa, R., Scholz, F. A., Metzger, J. R., & Walter, T. (2014). A temporal analysis of how entrepreneurial goal intentions, positive fantasies, and action planning affect starting a new venture and when the effects wear off. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(6), 755-772
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Haus, I., Steinmetz, H., Isidor, R., & Kabst, R. (2013). Gender effects on entrepreneurial intention: A meta-analytical structural equation model. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 130-156.
Hu, R., Wang, L., Zhang, W., & Bin, P. (2018). Creativity, proactive personality, and entrepreneurial intention: the role of entrepreneurial alertness. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 951-972.
Hussain, A., & Norashidah, D. (2015). Impact of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intentions of Pakistani Students. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Business Innovation, 2(1), 43-53.
Ibrahim, N., & Mas’ud, A. (2016). Moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills, environmental factors and entrepreneurial intention: A PLS approach. Management Science Letters, 6(3), 225-236.
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Jain, R., & Ali, S. W. (2013). A review of facilitators, barriers and gateways to entrepreneurship: directions for future research. South Asian Journal of Management, 20(3), 122-163.
Joensuu, S., Viljamaa, A., Varamäki, E., & Tornikoski, E. (2013). Development of entrepreneurial intention in higher education and the effect of gender–a latent growth curve analysis. Education + Training, 55(8/9), 781-803.
Karimi, S., JA Biemans, H., Lans, T., Chizari, M., & Mulder, M. (2014). Effects of role models and gender on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. European Journal of Training and Development, 38(8), 694-727.
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Krueger, N., Reilly, M.D., & Carsrud, A.L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432.
Kurniawan, R. (2013). Pengaruh penerapan model pembelajaran teaching factory 6 Langkah (TF-6M) dan prestasi belajar kewirausahaan terhadap minat wirausaha. Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Kejuruan, 10(1), 57-66.
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Liñán, F. (2008). Skill and value perceptions: How do they affect entrepreneurial intention. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(3), 257–272.
Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2015). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions: citation, thematic analyses, and research agenda. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 907-933.
Lucky, E. O. I., & Ibrahim, N. A. (2015). Environmental Factors and Entrepreneurial Intention among Nigerian Students in UUM. Sains Humanika, 5(2), 124-135.
Maryam, C., & Thomas, S. (2015). Education and training benefiting a career as entrepreneur: Gender gaps and gendered competencies and benefits. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 7(3), 321–343.
Ming, Y. C., Wau, S. C., & Amir, M. (2009). The effectiveness of entrepreneurship education in Malaysia. Education + Training, 51(7), 555-566.
Mohd Fauzi, M.J., Yahaya, I., Tih, S. and Poon, J.M.L. (2007). Entrepreneurship & Business Competitiveness. Fakulti Perniagaan dan Ekonomi, UKM Bangi, Bangi, Selangor.
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Othman, N., Hashim, N., & Ab Wahid, H. (2012). Readiness towards entrepreneurship education: Students and Malaysian universities. Education+ Training, 54(8/9), 697-708.
Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis using SPSS. (6th Ed.). London: McGraw-Hill International.
Pryor, C., Webb, J. W., Ireland, R. D., & Ketchen, Jr, D. J. (2016). Toward an integration of the behavioral and cognitive influences on the entrepreneurship process. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 10(1), 21-42.
Rasli, A. M., Khan, S.U., Malekifar, S. & Jabeen, S. (2013). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention among graduate students of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(2), 182-188.
Rauch, A., & Hulsink, W. (2015). Putting entrepreneurship education where the intention to act lies: An investigation into the impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial behavior. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 14(2), 187-204.
Rudhumbu, N., Svotwa, D., Munyanyiwa, T., & Mutsau, M. (2016). Attitudes of students towards entrepreneurship education at two selected higher education institutions in Botswana: A critical analysis and reflection. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 5(2), 83-94.
Ruiz, J., Soriano, D. R., & Coduras, A. (2016). Challenges in measuring readiness for entrepreneurship. Management Decision, 54(5), 1022-1046.
Schlaegel, C., & Koenig, M. (2014). Determinants of entrepreneurial intent: A metaanalytic test and integration of competing models. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 38(2), 291–332.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. (5th ed.). Haddington: John Wiley & Sons.
Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C. J. (2012). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 257–279.
Shirokova, G., Osiyevskyy, O., & Bogatyreva, K. (2016). Exploring the intention–behavior link in student entrepreneurship: Moderating effects of individual and environmental characteristics. European Management Journal, 34(4), 386-399.
Simoes, N., Crespo, N., & Moreira, S. B. (2016). Individual determinants of self‐employment entry: What do we really know?. Journal of Economic Surveys, 30(4), 783-806.
Soomro, B. A., & Shah, N. (2015). Developing attitudes and intentions among potential entrepreneurs. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 28(2), 304-322.
Taatila, V., & Down, S. (2012). Measuring entrepreneurial orientation of university students. Education and Training, 54(8/9), 744-760.
Travis, J., & Freeman, E. (2017). Predicting entrepreneurial intentions: Incremental validity of proactive Personality and entrepreneurial self-efficacy as a moderator. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 20(1), 65-78.
Tshikovhi, N., & Shambare, R. (2015). Entrepreneurial knowledge, personal attitudes, and entrepreneurship intentions among South African Enactus students. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 13(1), 152-158.
Urbano, D., & Aparicio, S. (2016). Entrepreneurship capital types and economic growth: International evidence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 102, 34-44.
Utami, C. W. (2017). Attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior, entrepreneurship education and self-efficacy toward entrepreneurial intention university student In Indonesia. European Research Studies Journal, 2(1), 475-495.
Van Gelderen, M., Brand, M., van Praag, M., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E., & Van Gils, A. (2008). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Career Development International, 13(6), 538-559.
Zain, Z. M., Akram, A. M., & Ghani, E. K. (2010). Entrepreneurship intention among malaysian business students. Canadian Social Science, 6(3), 34-61.
Zhang, P., Wang, D. D., & Owen, C. L. (2015). A study of entrepreneurial intention of university students. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 5(1), 61-82.
Al Mamun, A., Rajennd, A., Muniady, L., Permarupa, P. Y., Zainol, N. R. B., Nawi, N. B. C., & Malarvizhi, C. A. (2016). Social capital and entrepreneurial competencies: A study among women micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia. The Journal of Developing Areas, 50(5), 363-370.
Álvarez-Herranz, A., Valencia-De-Lara, P., & Martínez-Ruiz, M. P. (2011). How entrepreneurial characteristics influence company creation: a cross-national study of 22 countries tested with panel data methodology. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 12(3), 529-545.
Barringer, B. R. & Ireland, R. D. (2015). Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures. (5th Ed.). Prentice Hall.
Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 103-118.
Brancu, L., Guðmundsdóttir, S., Gligor, D., & Munteanu, V. (2015). Is Culture a Moderator of Entrepreneurship Motivation? A Comparative Study of Romania and Iceland. The Amfiteatru Economic Journal, 38(17), 341-358.
Cruz, L. D., Suprapti, S. & Yasa, K. (2015). Aplikasi Theory of Planned Behavior dalam membangkitkan niat berwirausaha bagi mahasiswa fakultas ekonomi unpaz, Dili Timor Leste. E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana. 4(12), 895-920.
Engle, R. L., Dimitriadi, N., Gavidia, J. V., Schlaegel, C., Delanoe, S., Alvarado, I., ... & Wolff, B. (2010). Entrepreneurial intent: A twelve-country evaluation of Ajzen's model of planned behavior. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 16(1), 35-57.
Ferreira, J. J., Raposo, M. L., Gouveia Rodrigues, R., Dinis, A., & do Paço, A. (2012). A model of entrepreneurial intention: An application of the psychological and behavioral approaches. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19(3), 424-440.
Gerba. D. T. (2012). Impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions of business and engineering students in Ethiopia.African. Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 3(2), 258-277.
Giacomin, O., Janssen, F., & Shinnar, R. (2015). University Students and their faculty: Perceptions of entrepreneurial optimism, overconfidence and entrepreneurial Intentions. Management International, 20(1), 123-134.
Gielnik, M. M., Barabas, S., Frese, M., Namatovu-Dawa, R., Scholz, F. A., Metzger, J. R., & Walter, T. (2014). A temporal analysis of how entrepreneurial goal intentions, positive fantasies, and action planning affect starting a new venture and when the effects wear off. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(6), 755-772
Ginanjar, A. (2016). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention on entrepreneurship behavior: A case study. 2016 Global Conference on Business, Management and Entrepreneurship. Atlantis Press.
Hansen, D. J., Shrader, R., & Monllor, J. (2011). Defragmenting definitions of entrepreneurial opportunity. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(2), 283-304. doi: 10.1111/j. 1540-627X.2011.00325.x
Hatak, I., Harms, R., & Fink, M. (2015). Age, job identification, and entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(1), 38-53.
Haus, I., Steinmetz, H., Isidor, R., & Kabst, R. (2013). Gender effects on entrepreneurial intention: A meta-analytical structural equation model. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 130-156.
Hu, R., Wang, L., Zhang, W., & Bin, P. (2018). Creativity, proactive personality, and entrepreneurial intention: the role of entrepreneurial alertness. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 951-972.
Hussain, A., & Norashidah, D. (2015). Impact of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intentions of Pakistani Students. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Business Innovation, 2(1), 43-53.
Ibrahim, N., & Mas’ud, A. (2016). Moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills, environmental factors and entrepreneurial intention: A PLS approach. Management Science Letters, 6(3), 225-236.
Ibrahim, W. N. A., Bakar, A. R., Asimiran, S., Mohamed, S., & Zakaria, N. S. (2015). Impact of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intentions of students in Technical and Vocational Education and Training Institutions (TVET) In Malaysia. International Education Studies, 8(12), 141.doi:10.5539/ies.v8n12p141.
Iqbal, A., Melhem, Y.&Kokash, H. (2012). Readiness of the university students towards entrepreneurship in Saudi private university: An exploratory study. European Scientific Journal, 8(15), 109-131.
Ismail, K., Anuar, M. A., Omar, W. W., Aziz, A. A., Seohod, K., & Akhtar, C. S. (2015). Entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial orientation of faculty and students towards commercialization. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 181, 349-355.
Jain, R., & Ali, S. W. (2013). A review of facilitators, barriers and gateways to entrepreneurship: directions for future research. South Asian Journal of Management, 20(3), 122-163.
Joensuu, S., Viljamaa, A., Varamäki, E., & Tornikoski, E. (2013). Development of entrepreneurial intention in higher education and the effect of gender–a latent growth curve analysis. Education + Training, 55(8/9), 781-803.
Karimi, S., JA Biemans, H., Lans, T., Chizari, M., & Mulder, M. (2014). Effects of role models and gender on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. European Journal of Training and Development, 38(8), 694-727.
Kolvereid, L. (1996). Organisational employment versus self-employment: Reasons for career choice intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(3), 23-31.
Krueger, N. F. & Brazeal, D. V. (1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18, 91-102.
Krueger, N., Reilly, M.D., & Carsrud, A.L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432.
Kurniawan, R. (2013). Pengaruh penerapan model pembelajaran teaching factory 6 Langkah (TF-6M) dan prestasi belajar kewirausahaan terhadap minat wirausaha. Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Kejuruan, 10(1), 57-66.
Leo, M. (2019). What You Didn’t Know About Fresh Graduate Unemployment in Malaysia. Retrieved from https://eduadvisor.my/articles/what-didnt-know-fresh-graduate-unemployment-malaysia-infographic/
Liñán, F. (2008). Skill and value perceptions: How do they affect entrepreneurial intention. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(3), 257–272.
Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2015). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions: citation, thematic analyses, and research agenda. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 907-933.
Lucky, E. O. I., & Ibrahim, N. A. (2015). Environmental Factors and Entrepreneurial Intention among Nigerian Students in UUM. Sains Humanika, 5(2), 124-135.
Maryam, C., & Thomas, S. (2015). Education and training benefiting a career as entrepreneur: Gender gaps and gendered competencies and benefits. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 7(3), 321–343.
Ming, Y. C., Wau, S. C., & Amir, M. (2009). The effectiveness of entrepreneurship education in Malaysia. Education + Training, 51(7), 555-566.
Mohd Fauzi, M.J., Yahaya, I., Tih, S. and Poon, J.M.L. (2007). Entrepreneurship & Business Competitiveness. Fakulti Perniagaan dan Ekonomi, UKM Bangi, Bangi, Selangor.
Osiri, J. K., Kungu, K., & Dilbeck, M. (2019). Predictors of Entrepreneurial Intentions and Social Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Look at Proactive Personality, Self-Efficacy and Creativity. Journal of Business Diversity, 19(1), 42-57.
Othman, N., Hashim, N., & Ab Wahid, H. (2012). Readiness towards entrepreneurship education: Students and Malaysian universities. Education+ Training, 54(8/9), 697-708.
Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis using SPSS. (6th Ed.). London: McGraw-Hill International.
Pryor, C., Webb, J. W., Ireland, R. D., & Ketchen, Jr, D. J. (2016). Toward an integration of the behavioral and cognitive influences on the entrepreneurship process. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 10(1), 21-42.
Rasli, A. M., Khan, S.U., Malekifar, S. & Jabeen, S. (2013). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention among graduate students of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(2), 182-188.
Rauch, A., & Hulsink, W. (2015). Putting entrepreneurship education where the intention to act lies: An investigation into the impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial behavior. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 14(2), 187-204.
Rudhumbu, N., Svotwa, D., Munyanyiwa, T., & Mutsau, M. (2016). Attitudes of students towards entrepreneurship education at two selected higher education institutions in Botswana: A critical analysis and reflection. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 5(2), 83-94.
Ruiz, J., Soriano, D. R., & Coduras, A. (2016). Challenges in measuring readiness for entrepreneurship. Management Decision, 54(5), 1022-1046.
Schlaegel, C., & Koenig, M. (2014). Determinants of entrepreneurial intent: A metaanalytic test and integration of competing models. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 38(2), 291–332.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. (5th ed.). Haddington: John Wiley & Sons.
Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C. J. (2012). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 257–279.
Shirokova, G., Osiyevskyy, O., & Bogatyreva, K. (2016). Exploring the intention–behavior link in student entrepreneurship: Moderating effects of individual and environmental characteristics. European Management Journal, 34(4), 386-399.
Simoes, N., Crespo, N., & Moreira, S. B. (2016). Individual determinants of self‐employment entry: What do we really know?. Journal of Economic Surveys, 30(4), 783-806.
Soomro, B. A., & Shah, N. (2015). Developing attitudes and intentions among potential entrepreneurs. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 28(2), 304-322.
Taatila, V., & Down, S. (2012). Measuring entrepreneurial orientation of university students. Education and Training, 54(8/9), 744-760.
Travis, J., & Freeman, E. (2017). Predicting entrepreneurial intentions: Incremental validity of proactive Personality and entrepreneurial self-efficacy as a moderator. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 20(1), 65-78.
Tshikovhi, N., & Shambare, R. (2015). Entrepreneurial knowledge, personal attitudes, and entrepreneurship intentions among South African Enactus students. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 13(1), 152-158.
Urbano, D., & Aparicio, S. (2016). Entrepreneurship capital types and economic growth: International evidence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 102, 34-44.
Utami, C. W. (2017). Attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior, entrepreneurship education and self-efficacy toward entrepreneurial intention university student In Indonesia. European Research Studies Journal, 2(1), 475-495.
Van Gelderen, M., Brand, M., van Praag, M., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E., & Van Gils, A. (2008). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Career Development International, 13(6), 538-559.
Zain, Z. M., Akram, A. M., & Ghani, E. K. (2010). Entrepreneurship intention among malaysian business students. Canadian Social Science, 6(3), 34-61.
Zhang, P., Wang, D. D., & Owen, C. L. (2015). A study of entrepreneurial intention of university students. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 5(1), 61-82.
Published
2020-07-05
How to Cite
Meor Nordin, H. N., & Hasim, N. (2020). READINESS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURIAL PRACTICES: AN ANALYSIS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION AMONG UNISEL STUDENTS. Selangor Science & Technology Review (SeSTeR), 4(3), 36-49. Retrieved from https://sester.journals.unisel.edu.my/ojs/index.php/sester/article/view/166
Section
Articles in English
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